Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a pervasive mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It usually arises from exposure to traumatic events such as combat, physical assault, or natural disasters. While PTSD is a natural response to trauma, its impact can be devastating, affecting many aspects of a person’s life.  

What is PTSD? 

PTSD is characterised by a range of symptoms that develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. These symptoms include:  

• intrusive memories 

• avoidance behaviours,  

• negative changes in mood and thinking 

• heightened arousal.  

It’s important to differentiate between normal stress reactions and PTSD symptoms, as PTSD will often persist and significantly impair daily functioning. It’s natural to experience stress reactions following traumatic events, such as heightened anxiety or temporary changes in mood.  

However, PTSD symptoms go beyond the typical stress responses. Symptoms persist for an extended period, sometimes months or even years after the traumatic event, and can significantly disrupt daily life. For example, while it’s common to feel on edge or have difficulty sleeping immediately after a traumatic experience, individuals with PTSD continue to experience severe anxiety, nightmares, and insomnia long after the event has passed.  

Causes of PTSD 

PTSD can arise from a wide range of traumatic experiences. These experiences include combat exposure for military personnel, physical assault or violence, sexual assault or abuse, involvement in accidents, or surviving natural disasters such as earthquakes or hurricanes. Each of these events has the potential to trigger PTSD symptoms in those affected, as they can disrupt a person’s sense of safety, security, and well-being. 

While not everyone who experiences trauma will develop PTSD, certain risk factors can increase the likelihood. For example, people who have previously experienced trauma, particularly during childhood or adolescence, may be more susceptible to developing PTSD following subsequent traumatic events. This is because past traumas can sensitise the brain and nervous system, making a person more vulnerable to experiencing symptoms of PTSD in the face of new stressors. 

Additionally, the presence of social support plays a crucial role in mitigating the risk of PTSD. Those who lack strong social support systems or who feel isolated and alone may be more likely to develop PTSD following a traumatic event. Social support can provide a buffer against the negative effects of trauma, offering emotional validation, practical assistance, and a sense of belonging and connection to others. 

Signs and Symptoms 

The symptoms of PTSD can be categorised into four main clusters: intrusive symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative changes in mood and cognition, and arousal and reactivity symptoms.  

• Intrusive symptoms manifest as distressing memories, nightmares, and flashbacks.  

• Avoidance symptoms involve efforts to avoid reminders of the traumatic event.  

• Negative changes in mood and cognition include feelings of guilt, shame, or detachment. 

• Arousal and reactivity symptoms manifest as hypervigilance, irritability, and exaggerated startle response. 

Impact on Daily Life 

PTSD can have an enormous impact on various aspects of daily life, including relationships, work, and overall well-being. People with PTSD may experience difficulties in maintaining relationships, holding down a job, and engaging in activities they once enjoyed. On top of this, PTSD often co-occurs with other mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, further complicating treatment and recovery. 

Diagnosis and Treatment 

Diagnosing PTSD involves a comprehensive assessment of symptoms, medical history, and exposure to traumatic events by a mental health professional. Evidence-based treatment approaches for PTSD include cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), exposure therapy, eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), and medication. However, accessing treatment can be challenging due to barriers such as stigma, limited resources, and lack of awareness. 

Coping Strategies and Self-Care 

Learning coping strategies is essential for managing PTSD symptoms and promoting recovery. These strategies may include practising relaxation techniques, engaging in physical activity, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and seeking support from loved ones and mental health professionals. Self-care practices such as mindfulness, meditation, and creative outlets can also help individuals cope with stress and promote overall well-being. 

PTSD is a complex and debilitating mental health condition that requires understanding and support in addition to treatment. If you or someone you know is struggling with PTSD, don’t hesitate to seek help from a qualified mental health professional. Recovery is possible, and no one has to face PTSD alone. 

Further Reading 

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 

PTSD In The Criminal Justice System

Our Tilt Project Is Here To Stay 

Where do community mental health services fit into integrated care systems (ICS)?